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World J Clin Cases. 2021 Jul vi; 9(xix): 4881–4889.
Fear of missing out: A brief overview of origin, theoretical underpinnings and human relationship with mental health
Mayank Gupta
Clarion Psychiatric Center and Department of Child and Boyish Psychiatry, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blaring, PA 16214, United States
Aditya Sharma
Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States. ude.ttip@241saa
Received 2021 Feb six; Revised 2021 Mar 9; Accustomed 2021 May xix.
Abstract
Fear of missing out (FoMO) is a unique term introduced in 2004 to describe a phenomenon observed on social networking sites. FoMO includes two processes; firstly, perception of missing out, followed up with a compulsive beliefs to maintain these social connections. We are interested in understanding the circuitous construct of FoMO and its relations to the need to belong and class stable interpersonal relationships. Information technology is associated with a range of negative life experiences and feelings, due to information technology being considered a problematic attachment to social media. We take provided a general review of the literature and have summarized the findings in relation to mental health, social functioning, sleep, academic performance and productivity, neuro-developmental disorders, and physical well-beingness. We have also discussed the treatment options available for FoMo based on cognitive behavior therapy. It imperative that new findings on FoMO are communicated to the clinical community as it has diagnostic implications and could be a confounding variable in those who do not respond to treatment equally usual.
Keywords: Fear of missing out, Mental wellness, Physical well-being, Academic functioning, Fearfulness of missing out-reduction, Problematic social media
Cadre Tip: Fearfulness of missing out is a relatively new construct that needs the attention of the clinical community due to its diagnostic implications in treatment processes. It is associated to problematic social media usage and tin can be experienced as a range of negative emotions and feelings related to the demand to belong.
INTRODUCTION
Fear of missing out (FoMO) is a unique term introduced in 2004 and then extensively used since 2010[1] to describe a phenomenon observed on social networking sites. It eventually made it to the oxford lexicon in 2013[2]. In 2013[3] British psychologists elaborated and defined information technology as "pervasive anticipation that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent-minded", FoMO is characterized by the want to stay continually connected with what others are doing. FoMO was conceptualized using cocky-determination theory (SDT), which was developed by Ryan et al[iv] and applied by Przybylski et al[three] to understanding what drives FOMO. In SDT[v], social relatedness can drive intrinsic motivation, which in turn can encourage positive mental health. Przybylski et al[3] applied SDT to FoMO, proposing that FoMO is a negative emotional state resulting from unmet social relatedness needs. The conceptualization that FoMO involves negative affect from unmet social needs is similar to theories most the negative emotional effects of social ostracism[6]. FoMO is a relatively new psychological phenomenon. It may exist as an episodic feeling that occurs in mid-conversation, as a long-term disposition, or a state of mind that leads the individual to feel a deeper sense of social inferiority, loneliness, or intense rage[7].Today, more than ever, people are exposed to a lot of details almost what others are doing; and people are faced with the continuous uncertainty nigh whether they are doing enough or if they are where they should be in terms of their life[8]. FoMO includes 2 processes; firstly, perception of missing out, followed upward with a compulsive beliefs to maintain these social connections. The social aspect of FoMO could be postulated equally relatedness which refers to the need to belong, and formation of potent and stable interpersonal relationships[nine]. FoMO is considered as a type of problematic attachment to social media, and is associated with a range of negative life experiences and feelings, such as a lack of slumber, reduced life competency, emotional tension, negative furnishings on concrete well-beingness, anxiety and a lack of emotional control; with intimate connections perchance beingness seen as a way to counter social rejection[10]. In the last seven years research is done to plant its links with various mental wellness outcomes. We are interested in understanding which population is more vulnerable to this phenomenon. Information technology is also unclear which reward pathway seems to be involved in its reinforcing effects. It has been widely accepted that dopaminergic tracts, in particular, mesolimbic systems get activated with successful social connections[11]. The reward prediction error encoding and variable reward schedules are known to maintain these behaviors. FoMO is non a unitary miracle, but rather a more complex construct that could reflect a certain personal predisposition and maintained by rewarding experiences that results from people's want for interpersonal attachments.
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
This paper provides a full general review of the literature. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar databases with coverage from Jan 2002 to December 2020. The search terms included "FoMO," "depression," "anxiety," "sleep," "academic" and "concrete well-being." Results were restricted to peer-reviewed English-language articles. Briefing and dissertation proceedings, case reports, protocol papers and opinion pieces were excluded. Reference lists were examined for additional articles of relevance. Nosotros identified n = 65 articles co-ordinate to the higher up search methods. An additional 10 articles were identified through manus search and Google Scholar articles. Total northward = thirty was excluded according to abstract screening. Full text review was performed for n = 45 manufactures according to study inclusion criteria. The due north = 9 articles failed to meet stated inclusion criteria. Figure 1 shows the flowchart for study option for inclusion.
The flowchart for study pick for inclusion.
FOMO AND MENTAL Wellness
Social networking sites (SNS) provides a compensatory medium for adolescents with social anxiety[12] to address their unmet social needs in a way other than face to face communication[13]. The apply of SNS contributes to easier communication[14] for those with deficits by compensating for their unmet social needs with much less effort and instantaneously[15,16]. Yet, this "social compensation" tin be problematic when it reinforces avoidance for face-to-face and consequentially increasing social feet[17]. These processes likely to worsen social fears and predisposes ane for anxiety disorders. FoMO is likewise associated with problematic SNS use due to its easy admission for adolescents to collaborate at volition[18,nineteen] and abiding need for personal validation and rewarding appraisals of distorted sense of self[twenty]. FoMO cognitive aspect is manifested past negative ruminations like oft checking and refreshing SNS for alerts and notifications. These afterwards heightens the levels of anxiety in order to continue up with the theme with anticipation of a reward[21]. The concept of FoMO explores the fear of social exclusion. Through social media, there is continuous awareness of what an individual may be missing in terms of a good time which researcher phrases as "it creates distorted perceptions of edited lives of others". The 'Round the clock' nature of these advice may lead to feeling lonely and inadequate through highlighting others activities and popularity and comparison of oneself to others, leading to brutal wheel of compulsive checking and engagement. FoMO has a relationship with the amount time spent on SNS equally a predictor of emotional distress[22]. The constant "upwardly social comparisons" and unreasonable expectations can adversely impact ane'due south self-esteem. These events are associated with emergence of depressive symptoms in some individuals[23]. These depressive symptoms may be farther compounded by perceptions that 1 tin avoid negative emotions when part of these online communities[24]. In a Belgian[25] study with 1000 subjects, half dozen.5% were found to exist using SNSs excessively, they were establish to accept lower emotional stability and agreeableness, conscientiousness, perceived control and self-esteem which could exist hazard cistron for affective disorders. The problematic use of internet and development of FoMO is associated with young adults ignoring peer relationships, potentially leading to depressive symptoms[26]. Additionally, the longer time spent using SNS (spending more than ii h per day) demonstrated a significantly higher risk of having suicidality[27]. FOMO may have a mediational office between narcissism and problematic SNS use suggesting that unmet social relatedness needs crusade high engagement in problematic SNS use[28,29]. A constant demand for rewarding experiences reinforces one with FoMO to engage in risky activities[30] to maximize socialization opportunities[3]. FoMO has been associated with negative alcohol-related consequences either through higher booze utilize or greater willingness to engage in higher adventure behaviors[31]. Adolescents with FoMO may probable to experiment with drugs and booze[32] to fit in with peers on SNS.
FOMO AND SOCIAL Functioning
Despite the instantaneous and desired interactions with peers via social media, young adults are feeling lonelier and more disconnected than ever[33]. FoMO may exacerbate pre-existing feelings of loneliness after engaging on SNSs extensively[34]. It is argued that communication channels with fewer nonverbal cues may issue in less warmth and closeness among those who are interacting in verbal means, avoiding meaningful and pragmatic communication[35]. This may outcome in misinterpretations and misunderstanding leading to farther emotional dissatisfaction and feelings of loneliness[36]. It is believed that time spent on social networking sites, activates the amygdala and the fear pathway, rendering immature adults vulnerable to feelings of loneliness, and social disconnectedness[3]. This contributes to a cyclical nature[3] of FoMO where an individual engages with SNS to alleviate feelings of loneliness, merely in fact exacerbates them. They have to again return to SNS and attempt to convalesce these feelings[37]. Conversely, young adults who experienced less satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and connectedness to others, also reported college levels of FoMO[3]. FoMO broadcasts more options than can be pursued, impacting an individual'south determination making in personal and professional person settings[38]. It may impair an private'due south ability to make commitments and agreements, every bit one feels inclined to keep options open and not chance losing out on an of import, potentially life-irresolute feel which may offer greater meaning and personal gratification.
FOMO AND Human relationship WITH Sleep
The FoMO and interpersonal stress are associated with indisposition and subsequently poor mental health outcomes[39]. In another Chinese study of university students, researchers found negative touch, which is "a general dimension of subjective distress and unpleasurable engagement that subsumes a diverseness of aversive mood states, including acrimony, antipathy, cloy, guilt, fear, and nervousness", was linked with poor sleep mediated past FoMO[40]. In an Israeli university study of 40 participants who measured smartphone employ at night, were at risk of reduced sleep quality and overall psychological health[41]. A survey of 101 adolescents linked pre-sleep worry and FoMO to longer sleep onset latency and reduced slumber duration[42]. Information technology is too well established in clinical research, the bluish light emitting from the screen of the electronic devices (brusk-wave blueish light with wavelength betwixt 415 nm and 455 nm) affect sleep[43]. The postulated machinery includes suppression of pineal hormone melatonin leading to a country of neuropsychological arousal. These alterations in circadian rhythm may lead to increased sleep latency, reduced sleep duration, and increased daytime slumber.
Academic Operation AND PRODUCTIVITY
FoMO is closely related to SNS utilize and has negative effects on academic performance[44].The effects of problematic cyberspace usage (PIU) and responding to frequent notifications entails repeated switching between tasks. This affects attention span; interrupts work and overall productivity[45]. The constant connection via smartphones tin impair cognitive abilities and cause academic distractions. Furthermore, rapid switching between tasks is related to poor learning[46]. It is established multitaskers make more mistakes and take longer to complete tasks[47]. Additionally, overuse of SNS has been associated with decreased academic performance and activeness[48].
FOMO AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
At that place were no current studies which link patients who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with FoMO. Nevertheless, it will be of involvement to written report children and adolescents with hyperactivity and inattention who already have delayed myelination in prefrontal cortex[49]. Information technology could be a reasonable hypothesis based on the recent show, that these patients would exist more vulnerable to FoMO. And afterwards take farther worsening in areas of self-evaluation, self-monitoring, and the interpretation of bear on in social situations[50,51]. Further research is needed in this expanse to explore variables likely to be affected with emergence of FoMO.
FOMO AND Physical WELLBEING
The young adults with high levels of FoMO are less probable to written report their own lifestyle equally healthy. The feelings of green-eyed and social exclusion are also linked with poor eating habits[52]. Additionally, FoMO promotes high SNS use which leads to a sedentary lifestyle influencing the epidemic of obesity in young adults[53]. The corporeality of fourth dimension spent on SNS is associated with vision issues[54] and poor attending, which is linked with accidents while walking, crossing roads, driving or doing daily activities. PIU due to FoMO may lead to poor posture and subsequent musculoskeletal hurting involving neck, back and hands and fingers[55]. This is further accentuated every bit pain prevents the initiation or the continuation of sleep, contributing to poor physical health.
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR FOMO
The treatment selection is based on the principles of cerebral behavior therapy (CBT)[56]. CBT addresses distorted cognitions which is postulated to be underlying its development and maintenance of these conditions[57]. It as well addresses underlying anxiety and focuses on the predisposing factors[56]. The main treatment goal should be command rather than abstinence. FoMO reduction (FoMO-R)[57] is a novel promising specifically designed model aimed at building resilience by focusing on self-help literacy guide almost blueprint and appropriate apply of SNS[58]. It is an active, effective user-friendly, safe culling to anxiolytic drugs and self-help technique relying on dealing with the barbarous circle model of feet[59]. The method assembly between the context of employ, fears and technical countermeasures. The effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal of anxiety has been recognized in helping people recognize and manage their digital addiction. Compulsive behaviors can exist regulated using techniques such as distraction and reappraisal. Lark avoidance techniques are also a part of FoMO-R. Excessive interest in the targeted behaviors leading to self-reported functional impairment tends to be fairly transient for most individuals hence the excessive behaviors such every bit FoMO are often context-dependent, and that spontaneous recovery is frequent[lx]. Individuals are also offered alternative strategies and opportunities for connecting with other people without having the feeling of missing out on something. Some studies accept reported utilise of anxiolytics and found it helpful.
DISCUSSION
As per CDC, child and teens ages 8-xviii spend an average of vii.5 h[61] on screen including Telly. PIU[62] has been on the ascension and its association with child and adolescent psychopathology has been well established. Since the introduction of SNS in 2008, there has been a steady rise in increased social interactions online. In 2014, the term FoMO which was initially used in marketing was formally adapted in clinical psychiatry to describe a unique miracle. It'south evident based on recent research that information technology's a complex psychological underpinning involving cerebral, behavioral and habit processes. FoMO may outset with distorted thinking related to sense of fear of being left out from a rewarding experience. However, information technology is reinforced with constant responsiveness to SNS. Some enquiry also terms these behaviors as compulsive. We continue to doubt if these behaviors are of obsessive nature, but conspicuously constant rechecking and browsing of SNS is hallmark. These behaviors are impairing several domains as discussed in the earlier function of this paper. Nosotros also hypothesize that the circuitous nature FoMO could be due to rapid change in engineering in last two decades. Social[63] anthropology studies have demonstrated how SNS may exist impacting social norms. However, it would be a fair argument that human cognitive processes have been lagging behind a rapidly changing engineering interface. These researches are an attempt to recognize and empathize origins and psychological coaction with multiple brain process. FoMO has been linked with non merely distractibility, but overall decline in productivity and worse mental wellness outcomes. The recent studies have established association with sleep disturbances, social anxiety, clinical depression and reject in academic performance. Information technology'southward non clear who all are vulnerable to FoMO, merely its observed that certainly personality traits and 1 with underlying mental health problems could exist more affected. The measurement scale validated for FoMO has established in empirical research that these sequelae could be extremely impairing and debilitating. We did not discover whatsoever research linking FoMO with ADHD. ADHD is a disorder characterized with deficits with delayed gratification and theoretically one suffering from ADHD would not just be vulnerable only also likely to accept worse overall outcomes related to FoMO. ADHD is strongly associated with net gaming disorder[64] and we postulate that these subtypes would be more prone to aggressive outbursts. An alternative caption of these phenomenon could be attributed to the negative feelings of envy[65]. The virtually accustomed reasons are lack of intimacy in these interactions and having a large group on social media where ane constantly finds themselves to compare oneself with others[66]. In this pool, information technology is likely people volition experience frustration and envy from comparing oneself to others but still tempted in striving to exist closer to the person of comparing[67]. These behaviors could exacerbate negative emotions such every bit envy, jealousy, resentment, and anxiety likewise as the want to hunt social media perfection[68]. Information technology is likely the furnishings will be worsened for individuals with mental health issues[69]. The knowledge of these underlying psychological processes would exist crucial for providing psychoeducation and also planning individualized psychotherapy-based interventions. It'south as well interesting to note that FoMO is a global phenomenon, and enquiry bear witness is present from North America, Asia, Europe and Australia which further underscores the demand to sympathize the accost. With regards to treatment, the mutual theme of all the enquiry was its origin lies in the amount of screen time. After the recommended screen time is exceeded, one is more vulnerable to access data and maintain social relationships via SNS or social gaming networks. The key preventive measure remains restricting to the recommended screen time. The minimum age for using SNS is set at thirteen and more legislative measures are needed to heighten the age to 16. However, information technology has been reported that many younger children besides accept accounts on SNS. Parental education also has been plant to be a highly effective measure to curb this. The American University of Pediatrics recommended Family Media Use Plan[70] has been a useful tool. Beside prevention, promising inquiry based on transtheoretical model has been an effective. It's interesting to note that a key feature of this intervention is making one understand how social media works.
Conclusion
FoMO is a now an established entity in the research community. However, many practicing clinicians are not aware or educated about it affecting their population. It'south imperative these new findings are communicated to the clinical community. Given it has both diagnostic implications and too could exist a confounding variable in ones who do not answer to the handling equally usual. In that location is demand for farther research which includes prevalence studies, psychological understanding and more prove-based prevention and handling interventions.
Footnotes
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Manuscript source: Invited manuscript
Peer-review started: Feb 6, 2021
First decision: February 28, 2021
Article in printing: May nineteen, 2021
Specialty type: Psychiatry
Country/Territory of origin: United States
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P-Reviewer: Seeman MV S-Editor: Wang JL L-Editor: A P-Editor: Zhang YL
Contributor Information
Mayank Gupta, Clarion Psychiatric Middle and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lake Erie Higher of Osteopathic Medicine, Clarion, PA 16214, United States.
Aditya Sharma, Section of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States. ude.ttip@241saa.
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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8283615/
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